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Stellar Atmospheres (last updated: 2022 August 11)
Chapter 1. Definitions of and Relations between Quantities used in Radiation Theory
1.1 | Introduction |
1.2 | Radiant Flux or Radiant Power |
1.3 | Variation with Frequency or Wavelength |
1.4 | Radiant Intensity |
1.5 | "Per Unit" |
1.6 | Relation between Flux and Intensity |
1.7 | Absolute Magnitude |
1.8 | Normal Flux Density |
1.9 | Apparent Magnitude |
1.10 | Irradiance |
1.11 | Exitance |
1.12 | Radiance |
1.13 | Lambertian Surface |
1.14 | Relations between Flux, Intensity, Exitance, Irradiance |
1.15 | A = πB |
1.16 | Radiation Density |
1.17 | Radiation Density and Irradiance |
1.18 | Radiation Pressure |
Chapter 2. Blackbody Radiation
2.1 | Introduction |
2.2 | Absorptance, and the Definition of a Black Body |
2.3 | Radiation within a Cavity Enclosure |
2.4 | Kirchhoff's Law |
2.5 | An Aperture as a Black Body |
2.6 | Planck's Equation |
2.7 | Wien's Law |
2.8 | Stefan's Law |
2.9 | A Thermodynamical Argument |
2.10 | Dimensionless Forms of Planck's Equation |
2.11 | Derivation of Wien's and Stefan's Laws |
Chapter 3. The Exponential Integral Function
Chapter 4. Flux, Specific Intensity and other Astrophysical Terms
4.1 | Introduction |
4.2 | Luminosity |
4.3 | Specific Intensity |
4.4 | Flux |
4.5 | Mean Specific Intensity |
4.6 | Radiation Pressure |
4.7 | Other Integrals |
4.8 | Emission Coefficient |
Chapter 5. Absorption, Scattering, Extinction and the Equation of Transfer
5.1 | Introduction |
5.2 | Absorption |
5.3 | Scattering, Extinction and Opacity |
5.4 | Optical Depth |
5.5 | The Equation of Transfer |
5.6 | The Source Function |
5.7 | A Series of Problems |
5.8 | Source Function in Scattering and Absorbing Atmospheres |
5.9 | More on the Equation of Transfer |
Chapter 6. Limb Darkening
6.1 | Introduction. The Empirical Limb-darkening |
6.2 | Simple Models of the Atmosphere to Explain Limb Darkening |
Chapter 7. Atomic Spectroscopy
7.1 | Introduction |
7.2 | A Very Brief History of Spectroscopy |
7.3 | The Hydrogen Spectrum |
7.4 | The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom |
7.5 | One-dimensional Waves in a Stretched String |
7.6 | Vibrations of a Uniform Sphere |
7.7 | The Wave Nature of the Electron |
7.8 | Schrödinger's Equation |
7.9 | Solution of Schrödinger's Time-independent equation for the Hydrogen Atom |
7.10 | Operators, Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues |
7.11 | Spin |
7.12 | Electron Configurations |
7.13 | LS-coupling |
7.14 | States, Levels, Terms, Polyads, etc. |
7.15 | Components, Lines, Mulitplets, etc. |
7.16 | Return to the Hydrogen Atom |
7.17 | How to Recognize LS-coupling |
7.18 | Hyperfine Structure |
7.19 | Isotope Effects |
7.20 | Orbiting and Spinning Charges |
7.21 | Zeeman Effect |
7.22 | Paschen-Back Effect |
7.23 | Zeeman Effect with Nuclear Spin |
7.24 | Selection Rules |
7.25 | Some Forbidden Lines Worth Knowing |
7.26 | Stark Effect |
Chapter 8. Boltzmann's and Saha's Equations
8.1 | Introduction |
8.2 | Stirling's Approximation. Lagrangian Multipliers. |
8.3 | Some Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics |
8.4 | Boltzmann's Equation |
8.5 | Some Comments on Partition Functions |
8.6 | Saha's Equation |
8.7 | The Negative Hydrogen Ion |
8.8 | Autoionization and Dielectronic Recombination |
8.9 | Molecular Equilibrium |
8.10 | Thermodynamic Equilibrium |
Chapter 9. Oscillator Strengths and Related Topics
9.1 | Introduction. Radiance and Equivalent Width |
9.2 | Oscillator Strength |
9.3 | Einstein A Coefficient |
9.4 | Einstein B Coefficient |
9.5 | Line Strength |
9.6 | LS-Coupling |
9.7 | Atomic Hydrogen |
9.8 | Zeeman Components |
9.9 | Summary of Relations Between f, A and S. |
Chapter 10. Line Profiles
10.1 | Introduction |
10.2 | Natural Broadening (Radiation Damping) |
10.3 | Thermal Broadening |
10.4 | Microturbulence |
10.5 | Combination of Profiles |
10.6 | Pressure Broadening |
10.7 | Rotational Broadening |
10.8 | Instrumental Broadening |
10.9 | Other Line-broadening Mechanisms |
Appendix A | Convolution of Gaussian and Lorentzian Functions |
Appendix B | Radiation Damping as Functions of Angular Frequency, Frequency and Wavelength |
Appendix C | Optical Thinness, Homogeneity and Thermodynamic Equilibrium |
Chapter 11. Curve of Growth
11.1 | Introduction |
11.2 | A Review of Some Terms |
11.3 | Theory of the Curve of Growth |
11.4 | Curve of Growth for Gaussian Profiles |
11.5 | Curve of Growth for Lorentzian Profiles |
11.6 | Curve of Growth for Voigt Profiles |
11.7 | Observational Curve of Growth |
11.8 | Interpreting an Optically Thick Profile |
Appendix A Evaluation of the Voigt Curve of Growth Integral
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