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 |  | Geometric Optics (last updated: 2021 September 17) 
 Chapter 1.    Reflection and Refraction
 
 
 
| 1.1 | Introduction |  | 1.2 | Reflection at a Plane Surface |  | 1.3 | Refraction at a Plane Surface |  | 1.4 | Real and Apparent Depth |  | 1.5 | Reflection and Refraction |  | 1.6 | Refraction by a Prism |  | 1.7 | The Rainbow |  | 1.8 | Problem |  | 1.9 | Differential Form of Snell's Law |  
 Chapter 2.    Lens and Mirror Calculations
 
 
 
| 2.1 | Introduction |  | 2.2 | Limitations |  | 2.3 | Real and Virtual |  | 2.4 | Convergence |  | 2.5 | Power |  | 2.6 | Magnification |  | 2.7 | Examples |  | 2.8 | Derivation of the Powers |  | 2.9 | Derivation of Magnification |  | 2.10 | Designing an Achromatic Doublet |  | 2.11 | Thick Lenses |  | 2.12 | Principal Planes |  | 2.13 | The Lazy Way |  | 2.14 | Exercise |  
 Chapter 3.    Optical Instruments
 
 
 
| 3.1 | Introduction |  | 3.2 | The Driving Mirror |  | 3.3 | The Magnifying Glass |  | 3.4 | Spectacle Lenses |  | 3.5 | The Camera |  | 3.6 | The Telescope |  | 3.7 | The Microscope |  
 Chapter 4.    Optical Aberrations
 
 
 
| 4.1 | Introduction |  | 4.2 | Spherical Aberration |  | 4.3 | Astigmatism |  | 4.4 | Coma |  | 4.5 | Curvature of Field |  | 4.6 | Distortion |  |