Physics - Thermodynamics

Heat and Thermodynamics (last updated: 2020 October 11)

Chapter 1. Introductory Remarks

1.1	Introduction
1.2	Caloric, Calories, Heat and Energy
1.3	Extensive and Intensive Quantities
1.4	Mole, Avogadro’s Number, Atomic Mass Unit
1.5	Prepositions
1.6	Applicability of Equations

Chapter 2. Partial Derivatives

2.1	Introduction
2.2	Partial Derivatives
2.3	Implicit Differentiation
2.4	Product of Three Partial Derivatives
2.5	Second Derivatives and Exact Differentials
2.6	Euler's Theorem for Homogeneous Functions
2.7	Undetermined Multipliers
2.8	Dee and Delta

Chapter 3. Temperature

3.1	Introduction
3.2	Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
3.3	Temperature Scales (1)
3.4	Temperature Scales (2)
3.5	Exercises

Chapter 4. Thermal Conduction

4.0	The Error Function
4.1	Introduction
4.2	Thermal Conductivity
4.3	The Heat Conduction Equation
4.4	A Solution of the Heat Conduction Equation
4.5	Heat Conduction in Gases and Liquids

Chapter 5. Thermodynamic Processes

Chapter 6. Properties of Gases

6.1	The Ideal Gas Equation
6.2	Real Gases
6.3	Van der Waals and Other Gases
6.4	Gas, Vapour, Liquid and Solid
6.5	Kinetic Theory of Gases: Pressure
6.6	Collisions
6.7	Distribution of Speeds
6.8	Forces Between Molecules

Chapter 7. The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

7.1	The First Law of Thermodynamics, and Internal Energy
7.2	Work
7.3	Entropy
7.4	The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 8. Heat Capacity, and the Expansion of Gases

8.1	Heat Capacity
8.2	Ratio of the Heat Capacities of a Gas
8.3	Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
8.4	Reversible Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
8.5	The Clément-Desormes Experiment
8.6	The Slopes of Isotherms and Adiabats
8.7	Scale Height in an Isothermal Atmosphere
8.8	Adiabatic Lapse Rate
8.9	Numerical Values of Specific and Molar Heat Capacities
8.10	Heat Capacities of Solids

Chapter 9. Enthalpy

Chapter 10. The Joule and Joule-Thomson Experiments

10.1	Introduction
10.2	The Joule Experiment
10.3	The Joule-Thomson Experiment
10.4	C_P Minus C_V
10.5	Blackbody Radiation

Chapter 11. Heat Engines

11.1	Introduction
11.2	The Carnot Cycle
11.3	The Stirling Cycle
11.4	The Otto Cycle
11.5	The Diesel Cycle
11.6	The Rankine Cycle (Steam Engine)
11.7	A Useful Exercise
11.8	Heat Engines and Refrigerators
11.9	Entropy is a Function of State

Chapter 12. Free Energy

12.1	Review of Internal Energy and Enthalpy
12.2	Free Energy
12.3
12.4	Helmholtz Free Energy
12.5	Gibbs Free Energy
12.6	Summary, the Maxwell Relations, and the Gibbs-Helmholtz Relations
12.7	The Joule and Joule-Thomson Coefficients
12.8	The Thermodynamic Functions for an Ideal Gas
12.9	The Thermodynamic Functions for Other Substances
12.10	Absolute Entropy
12.11	Charging a Battery
12.12	Surface Energy
12.13	Fugacity

Chapter 13. Expansion, Compression and the TdS Equations

13.1	Coefficient of Expansion
13.2	Compression
13.3	Pressure and Temperature
13.4	The TdS Equations
13.5	Expansion, Compression and the TdS Equations
13.6	Young's Modulus
13.7	Rigidity Modulus (Shear Modulus)
13.8	Volume, Temperature and the Grüneisen Parameter

Chapter 14. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Chapter 15. Adiabatic Demagnetization

Chapter 16. Nernst's Heat Theorem and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

16.1	Nernst's Heat Theorem
16.2	The Third Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 17. Chemical Thermodynamics

17.1	Equilibrium Constant
17.2	Heat of Reaction
17.3	The Gibbs Phase Rule
17.4	Chemical Potential
17.5	Partial and Mean Molar Quantities
17.6	The Gibbs-Duhem Relation
17.7	Chemical Potential, Pressure, Fugacity
17.8	Entropy of Mixing, and Gibbs' Paradox
17.9	Binary Alloys
17.10	Ternary Alloys

Chapter 18. Experimental Measurements

18.1	Introduction
18.2	Thermal Conductivity
18.3	The Universal Gas Constant
18.4	Avogadro's Number and Boltzmann's Constant
18.5	Specific Heat Capacities of Solids and Liquids
18.6	Specific Heat Capacities of Gases
18.7	Latent Heat of Fusion
18.8	Coefficient of Expansion